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Contents • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Etymology [ ] The M249 is often referred to as a 'Squad Assault Weapon'. Development [ ] Background [ ] In 1965, the and U.S. Marine Corps' primary machine guns were the. The M2 was a large-caliber, usually mounted on vehicles or in fixed emplacements. The M60 was a more mobile intended to be carried with the troops to provide heavy automatic fire.

Both were very heavy weapons and usually required a crew of at least two to operate efficiently. The, the army's main individual machine gun since its introduction in World War I, was phased out in 1957 with the introduction of the, which had a fully automatic mode. 'Designated riflemen' in every squad were ordered to use their weapons on the fully automatic setting, while other troops were required to use their rifle's semi-automatic mode on most occasions to increase accuracy and conserve ammunition. Because the M14 and rifles had not been designed with sustained automatic fire in mind, they often overheated or jammed. The 20-round and 30-round magazines of these weapons limited their sustained automatic effectiveness when compared to belt-fed weapons. The Army decided that an individual machine gun, lighter than the M60, but with more firepower than the M16, would be advantageous; troops would no longer have to rely on rifles for automatic fire.

Through the 1960s, the introduction of a machine gun into the infantry squad was examined in various studies. While there was a brief flirtation with the concept of a - or dart-firing Universal Machine Gun during one study, most light machine gun experiments concentrated on the light machine gun, a modular weapon that could be easily modified for different purposes. The Stoner 63 LMG saw combat for a brief period in Vietnam with the Marine Corps, and later on a wider scale with the. In 1968, the Army Small Arms Program developed plans for a new 5.56 mm caliber LMG, though no funds were allocated (5.56 mm ammunition was viewed as underpowered by many in the armed forces). Studies of improved 5.56 mm ammunition, with better performance characteristics, began. The earliest reference to studies of other caliber cartridges for the LMG did not appear until 1969.

In July 1970, the U.S. Army finally approved development of an LMG, with no specified caliber. At this time, the nomenclature 'Squad Automatic Weapon' (SAW) was introduced. Actual design of alternative cartridges for the LMG did not begin until July 1971. A month later, decided on two cartridge designs for the new LMG: a and a new 5.56 mm cartridge with a much larger case. Neither design was finalized by March 1972, when the Army published the specifications document for the planned SAW. The 6 mm cartridge design was eventually approved in May that year.

Prior to July 1972, SAW development contracts were awarded to Maremont,, and the Rodman Laboratory at. These companies produced designs with Army designations XM233, XM234 and respectively—X denoting 'experimental'.

Designs were required to have a weight of less than 9.07 kg (20 lb) including 200 rounds of ammunition, and a range of at least 800 meters (2,600 ft). Initial Belgian-designed Minimi prototype delivered to the U.S. Infantry Board for evaluation, before it received its XM249 designation (note the difference) When the time came for developmental and operational testing of the SAW candidates, three 5.56 mm candidate weapons were included with the 6 mm candidates: the, a heavy-barrel variant of the M16 designed for prolonged firing; the (FN); and the. The initial round of tests ended in December 1974. In February 1976, the Minimi and Rodman XM235 SAW were selected for further development. At this time, opinions of the 6 mm cartridge were beginning to sour due to the logistical implications of providing yet another ammunition type to the infantry.